Elizabeth Of Hungary School Handbook: Research Paper Example. Moser, metaphysics essay, ed. Email Please enter a valid email. Kant established this kind of knowledge by rejecting the empiricist assertion that experience is the source of all our ideas. Metaphysics essay summarized this basic theory, which he…. New York: Modern Library, Can't find a free sample that matches your requirements?
Introduction
Ibid, paraphrased the cosmologic philosopher is stated to be on who "contemplates the nature of this order and is concerned with the relationships between the plants, the stars and the earth, metaphysics essay. The laws of the universe are important topics to cosmologic philosophers. They consider the laws of thermodynamics, the laws of gravity, etc. They are also concerned with time and space, with power and motion, disintegration, and preservation. Bibliography Brentano, Franz Psychology From an Empirical Standpoint: The Concept and Purpose of Psychology. International Library of Philosophy.
pdf DeRobertis, Eugene Metaphysics and Psychology: A Problem of the Personal. pdf Health, Ian Philosophy and Psychology: The Pursuit of Truth. htm James, William the Principles of Psychology, Volume I, American Science Series. Holt and Company Besides this, one can, as a separate undertaking, show these people later metaphysics essay way of reasoning about these things. In this metaphysics, it will be useful for there to be added here and there the authoritative utterances of great men, who have reasoned in a similar way; especially when these utterances contain something that seems to have some possible relevance to the illustration of a view. Consequently, Mercer regards Leibniz as metaphysics essay "conciliatory eclectic par excellence," who was one of a group of teachers and scholars with whom he worked early in his intellectual career, from Hassing notes that Jakob Thomasius was Leibnez's primary inspiration; however, Johann Adam Scherzer, Johann Christoph….
References Adams, R. Leibniz: Determinist, theist, idealist, metaphysics essay. New York: Oxford University Press. Copleston, F. A History of Philosophy, Vol. IV: From Descartes to Leibniz. New York: Doubleday. Crisp, R. How should one live? Essays on the virtues. Oxford: Clarendon Press. De Jong, W. How Is Metaphysics as a Science Possible? Kant on the Distinction between Philosophical and Mathematical Method. The Review of Metaphysics, 49 2 Absolute reality thus is impossible in the world of Descartes, metaphysics essay. The way Kant began argument for his form of metaphysics began with the critique of pure reason.
That involves the realm of the unknown -- moving to the unknown from the known, and this can be determined only by small steps, metaphysics essay. Heidegger; Churchill, 9 Thus as per Metaphysics essay "critique requires knowledge of the sources, and reason must know itself. Heidegger; Churchill, Kant attempted to reach the metaphysics essay of things by discarding the earlier metaphysics metaphysics essay relying on his own insight, metaphysics essay, with which he created the foundation of his analysis. As between them Kant leans more to the Greek forms and enhances the thought while Descartes would not have any of that. In the end both have succeeded in the emphasis of the thought that perceptions of these….
References Augustine, Saint. The Immortality of the Soul: The Magnitude of the Soul; on Music; the Advantage of Believing; on Faith in Things Unseen. Catholic University of America Press: Washington, DC. Cahn, Steven M. Philosophy for the 21st Metaphysics essay A Comprehensive Reader. Oxford University Press: New York. Cleeveley, Harry. Metaphysics essay Enterprises. Metaphysics presumes some kind of perfection somewhere, but there is no reason to presume this. Further, it presumes free will in the capacity to strive for the ideal. ut Nietzsche writes, "ecoming is robbed of its innocence when any particular condition of things is traced to a will, to intentions and to responsible actions" p. People exist from fate.
There is no ideal happiness or morality. There is nothing outside the whole by which a judgment could be formed or administered. There is no tracing existence to a first cause. In other words, the moral rationale by which metaphysics creates an eternal, metaphysics essay, immutable world need not be valid, metaphysics essay. In sum, this essay has briefly analyzed Plato's theory of forms and Aristotle's prime mover. It has argued that such metaphysical notions are based as much on moral and theological concerns as on logic. Furthermore, they operate acceptably only by subordinating…. Bibliography Aristotle. Hope, Trans, metaphysics essay. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Nietzsche, F. Twilight of the idols or how to philosophize with a hammer. Large, Trans.
The Collected Dialogues of Plato. Cairns, Eds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. If free will is an illusion, then a "science of behavior" is necessary to "show us how to manipulate the causes of human behavior," p. A science of human behavior would be based on observations of how people act under certain conditions, or on how their ancestors acted, metaphysics essay. Changing destructive behaviors would require discovering the cause of those behaviors: either in a person's genetic code or in a person's environment. The intervention would target those factors, rather than encouraging the person to use willpower. Blatchford believes that human conscience is practically nonexistent: it is a product of experience, of lessons learned about right and wrong behaviors. Human beings need to be taught right from metaphysics essay, and hence, metaphysics essay beings lack an innate ability to choose right over wrong.
Of course, Blatchford presupposes that human beings would choose right over wrong rather than wrong metaphysics essay right if their free…. Metaphysics essay still understand within ourselves what greatness consists of. We still make our tallies relevant to ethical considerations. We can base our society on rules and order, metaphysics essay. We can prosecute the murderers. But is all we ever do is tally and rule and prosecute, and we don't allow for the possibility of purifying ourselves in the leap into the void of greatness, we miss having the connection with greatness that makes much of life worthwhile. In this essay, I have argued that Kant's view of ethics is insufficient to account for all realms of human behavior, and most important, it is insufficient for dealing with actions that derive from faith.
I believe that by resorting to a kind of universalized law for action, Kant has suppressed the very individuality that he claims to respect as the basis for his formulation of the Categorical Imperative. He, in effect, resorts to a…. However, that should not suggest that its pursuit is wholly worthless. There is some value in striving to attain this ideal, even if it can never be realized. Despite the appeal of the categorical imperative, follows its dictates proves to be seemingly impossible, and even in some instances, undesirable. When adhering to the principles of Kantian morality, metaphysics essay, it is clear that moral reasoning is reduced to a strict moral calculus, whereby there is only one correct answer to the question, "What am I to do?
However, in some situations, certain actions that are in violation of the categorical imperative might be morally necessary. For example, during the Holocaust, people often had to lie to the Nazi SS when harboring Jews in their home. It seems obvious that lying violates at…. References Kant, Immanuel. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals; with, metaphysics essay, on a Supposed Right to Lie Because of Philanthropic Concerns. James W. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub, metaphysics essay. Given that archetypes appear consistent across dreamers, the impact that culture has on the meaning of archetypes and dreams, metaphysics essay, and the fact that mourners consistently have the four types of metaphysics essay dreams, metaphysics essay, it seems logical that culture would impact the appearance and interpretation of archetypes in dreams.
For example, given that, culturally, metaphysics essay, the mother plays a more central role in the African-American family than the father, metaphysics essay, it would seem that archetypal appearances of the Mother and the Father would have a different meaning for African-American dreamers than for non-African-American dreamers. One of the unique aspects of the United States is that, while people may have similar day-to-day experiences, they are influenced by a wide variety of cultural backgrounds, which suggests that the dream experience of Americans may be non-homogeneous. It is the intent of this paper to examine the role that archetypes play in the grief dreams of members of…. Bibliography Bloom, Harold Ed.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Chelsea House Publishers. Bosnack, Robert The objective of this study is to answer the question of what does first philosophy or theology consist and what is its object. In addition, this study will ask in what ways that it differs from other sciences and in what sense is it first?
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The role of metaphysics in philosophy. The role of metaphysics in philosophy [Internet]. Order Now. Please check your inbox. Order now. Related Topics Personal Ethics Essays Ethics Essays Karl Marx Essays Aristotle Essays John Locke Essays. Hi there! Absolute reality thus is impossible in the world of Descartes. The way Kant began argument for his form of metaphysics began with the critique of pure reason. That involves the realm of the unknown -- moving to the unknown from the known, and this can be determined only by small steps. Heidegger; Churchill, 9 Thus as per Kant "critique requires knowledge of the sources, and reason must know itself. Heidegger; Churchill, Kant attempted to reach the origin of things by discarding the earlier metaphysics and relying on his own insight, with which he created the foundation of his analysis.
As between them Kant leans more to the Greek forms and enhances the thought while Descartes would not have any of that. In the end both have succeeded in the emphasis of the thought that perceptions of these…. References Augustine, Saint. The Immortality of the Soul: The Magnitude of the Soul; on Music; the Advantage of Believing; on Faith in Things Unseen. Catholic University of America Press: Washington, DC. Cahn, Steven M. Philosophy for the 21st Century: A Comprehensive Reader. Oxford University Press: New York. Cleeveley, Harry. Lulu Enterprises. Metaphysics presumes some kind of perfection somewhere, but there is no reason to presume this. Further, it presumes free will in the capacity to strive for the ideal. ut Nietzsche writes, "ecoming is robbed of its innocence when any particular condition of things is traced to a will, to intentions and to responsible actions" p.
People exist from fate. There is no ideal happiness or morality. There is nothing outside the whole by which a judgment could be formed or administered. There is no tracing existence to a first cause. In other words, the moral rationale by which metaphysics creates an eternal, immutable world need not be valid. In sum, this essay has briefly analyzed Plato's theory of forms and Aristotle's prime mover. It has argued that such metaphysical notions are based as much on moral and theological concerns as on logic.
Furthermore, they operate acceptably only by subordinating…. Bibliography Aristotle. Hope, Trans. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Nietzsche, F. Twilight of the idols or how to philosophize with a hammer. Large, Trans. The Collected Dialogues of Plato. Cairns, Eds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. If free will is an illusion, then a "science of behavior" is necessary to "show us how to manipulate the causes of human behavior," p. A science of human behavior would be based on observations of how people act under certain conditions, or on how their ancestors acted. Changing destructive behaviors would require discovering the cause of those behaviors: either in a person's genetic code or in a person's environment.
The intervention would target those factors, rather than encouraging the person to use willpower. Blatchford believes that human conscience is practically nonexistent: it is a product of experience, of lessons learned about right and wrong behaviors. Human beings need to be taught right from wrong, and hence, human beings lack an innate ability to choose right over wrong. Of course, Blatchford presupposes that human beings would choose right over wrong rather than wrong over right if their free…. We still understand within ourselves what greatness consists of. We still make our tallies relevant to ethical considerations. We can base our society on rules and order. We can prosecute the murderers. But is all we ever do is tally and rule and prosecute, and we don't allow for the possibility of purifying ourselves in the leap into the void of greatness, we miss having the connection with greatness that makes much of life worthwhile.
In this essay, I have argued that Kant's view of ethics is insufficient to account for all realms of human behavior, and most important, it is insufficient for dealing with actions that derive from faith. I believe that by resorting to a kind of universalized law for action, Kant has suppressed the very individuality that he claims to respect as the basis for his formulation of the Categorical Imperative. He, in effect, resorts to a…. However, that should not suggest that its pursuit is wholly worthless. There is some value in striving to attain this ideal, even if it can never be realized. Despite the appeal of the categorical imperative, follows its dictates proves to be seemingly impossible, and even in some instances, undesirable. When adhering to the principles of Kantian morality, it is clear that moral reasoning is reduced to a strict moral calculus, whereby there is only one correct answer to the question, "What am I to do?
However, in some situations, certain actions that are in violation of the categorical imperative might be morally necessary. For example, during the Holocaust, people often had to lie to the Nazi SS when harboring Jews in their home. It seems obvious that lying violates at…. References Kant, Immanuel. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals; with, on a Supposed Right to Lie Because of Philanthropic Concerns. James W. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Given that archetypes appear consistent across dreamers, the impact that culture has on the meaning of archetypes and dreams, and the fact that mourners consistently have the four types of grief dreams, it seems logical that culture would impact the appearance and interpretation of archetypes in dreams. For example, given that, culturally, the mother plays a more central role in the African-American family than the father, it would seem that archetypal appearances of the Mother and the Father would have a different meaning for African-American dreamers than for non-African-American dreamers.
One of the unique aspects of the United States is that, while people may have similar day-to-day experiences, they are influenced by a wide variety of cultural backgrounds, which suggests that the dream experience of Americans may be non-homogeneous. It is the intent of this paper to examine the role that archetypes play in the grief dreams of members of…. Bibliography Bloom, Harold Ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Chelsea House Publishers. Bosnack, Robert The objective of this study is to answer the question of what does first philosophy or theology consist and what is its object.
In addition, this study will ask in what ways that it differs from other sciences and in what sense is it first? In the final analysis this study will answer if Aristotle's 'first philosophy is an ontology or a study of beings or a theology or a study of first or highest beings? Metaphysics Madison writes that metaphysics was a word that Aristotle did not actually use but that the word "does employ a cluster of phrases and words to designate the content of its fourteen books: wisdom, first philosophy, theology, the science of being qua being, the science of the highest causes and principles, and the science of truth.
Bibliography Madison, RD. Aristotle's Concept of Metaphysics. Community of Saint John originally published in Paradigmes de theologie philosophique Wians, William Robert Aristotle's Philosophical Development. Kant refers to duty…. Put another way he contends that the reasoned man must expect the unexpected, while relying on his own memories and senses to determine eventual effects. Rules must apply only when they have been proven repeatedly and are therefore a sound representation of what might happen. Cause and effect to Hume are those things, which explain the causal relationship of events, and things. Causal relationships are determined by our individual set of beliefs associated with the individual's previous experiences.
Hume explains that it is only this historical understanding of the past that guides our ideas of cause and effect. It therefore does not seem strange that we cannot know for certain that the sun will rise tomorrow, though it has been proven to do so repeatedly for as long as man has been recording the passage of days. It is only something we rely on as a truth because of our…. In Plato's mind, the body is an anchor which holds the soul from enlightenment. That which we know as we will discuss later we knew before we had the body and it is only recollection of this knowledge that allows us to know anything while we are in the body.
We will now discuss the application of this idea of Forms and the separation of the same from sensible particulars by discussing Plato's idea of "Two Worlds," or being and partaking. eing does not mean the same thing as partaking is not explained by and does not explain its essence. In fact, Plato postulated that is X lacks essence, it can fail to be. An example given is that of beauty. eauty is beautiful, and other things become beautiful by partaking in what is beautiful. The question then comes whether the partaking is then dependent on the being. In what…. Bibliography Melchert, Norman The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy. McGraw Hill. Vlastos, G.
ather than continue the process that began in the first two books, in which the osicrucian Order first announced themselves, gave their history, and then responded to certain criticisms while making their position within Christian theology clearer, the Chymical Wedding can almost be seen as the first instance of literature written within the osicrucian tradition, rather than as part of its manifesto-like founding documents, because it does not seek to explain the history of osicrucianism, but rather explicate how the teachings and underlying beliefs of osicrucianism contribute to and alter one's interpretation of Christian scripture Williamson 17; Dickson Specifically, one can see a distinct connection between the Chymical Wedding and seventeenth-century attempts to expand Protestantism throughout Europe.
The Chymical Wedding can be seen as a the most explicit attempt on the part of osicrucians and osicrucian supporters to wed the new or newly revealed society to the larger religious…. References Andreae, Johann. The Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz. Case, Paul F. The True and Invisible Rosicrucian Order: An Interpretation of the Rosicrucian Allegory and an Explanation of the Ten Rosicrucian Grades. York Beach, Me: S. Weiser, Since a hypothetical imperative represents one of many possibilities that are only means to an end, they cannot be objectively necessary, and therefore do not have the same command over human behavior as a categorical imperative. As Kant notes, commands are laws that we must obey, even when they contradict our inclinations b If we treat others as a means to an end, then we use them in service of another goal.
However, if we treat others as an end in themselves, then we respect them without regard to any other goals or ends. To treat someone as a means to an end is to make them less important than some end result, whereas to treat someone as an end in themselves makes them the final and most important consideration. Slavery may be the most offensive example of using others as a means to an end, but there are…. Philosophy Nietzsche often identified life itself with "will to power," that is, with an instinct for growth and durability.
This concept provides yet another way of interpreting the ascetic ideal, since it is Nietzsche's contention "that all the supreme values of mankind lack this will -- that values which are symptomatic of decline, nihilistic values, are lording it under the holiest names" Kaufmann Thus, traditional philosophy, religion, and morality have been so many masks a deficient will to power wears. The sustaining values of estern civilization have been sublimated products of decadence in that the ascetic ideal endorses existence as pain and suffering. Some commentators have attempted to extend Nietzsche's concept of the will to power from human life to the organic and inorganic realms, ascribing a metaphysics of will to power to him Kaufmann The insidious process by which we ascribe attributes to our fictitious consciousness has….
Works Cited Call, L. Nietzsche as Critic and Captive of Enlightenment. Descartes, R. Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy, 4th Ed. Translated by D. Hackett Publishing Company, Berkeley, G. USA: Penguin Classics, eligion through its sanctity, and law-giving through its majesty, may seek to exempt themselves from it. But they then awaken just suspicion, and cannot claim the sincere respect which reason accords only to that which has been able to sustain the test of free and open examination. Axi[n] The debate of science and metaphysics arises when one wonders if metaphysics is even a science or do we really need it.
Kant puts forward this question to explain why metaphysics is a science and why it is needed. He argues that metaphysics is needed, 'if not as science, yet still as natural disposition' because human reason is naturally pre-disposed 'by an inward need', and not just by 'idle desire', to raise metaphysical questions that science alone cannot answer. For example the questions about soul or the existence of God come to our minds naturally and this is where metaphysics steps…. References N. Kemp Smith, a Commentary to Kant's 'Critique of Pure Reason', 2nd edn London: Macmillan, Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, trans.
Werner S. Pluhar Indianapolis: Hackett, Plato and Kant Plato's life span was between BC and BC. As a youth Plato possessed political visions, but he turned out disenchanted by the political authority of the city of Athens. He slowly turned out a follower of Socrates, adhering to his fundamental theory and conversational pattern of argument: the pursuance of virtue through inspection, results and additional inspection. The self-explanatory custom is one-minded in its inspection that Plato undertook many attires of poetry as a youth, only in the later point of life resorting to philosophy.
Plato's chief donation was to philosophy, mathematics and science. Anyhow, it is not as yielding as one might anticipate envisaging Plato's philosophical visions. The cause for this is that Plato penned down no meticulous treatise providing his visions, rather he penned down innumerous conversations which are written in the form of debates. Plato enhanced his visions from within and implemented…. References Baldwin, James Mark. Philosophy is a one of the most perplexing, interesting and intriguing branch of study that seeks to understand the world from a viewpoint not commonly used.
Three are many different branches of philosophy and three important ones include metaphysics, epistemology and axiology. Epistemology refers to the branch of study that tries to go deeper into the meaning and scope of knowledge. The field is concerned with important and pertinent questions concerning knowledge such as what is knowledge, how is it acquired and how do we know some of things that we know. For example we understand that adding 2 and 2 would give us 4. Epistemology is simply concerned with the origin of this knowledge and not with how we add etc. Moser writes: "Epistemology characterized broadly, is an account of knowledge. Within the discipline of philosophy, epistemology is the study of the nature of knowledge and justification: in….
References 1. Edgar Sheffield Brightman, A Philosophy of Religion New York: Prentice-Hall, 2 W. Walsh, Metaphysics London: Hutchinson University Library, 3. Paul K. Moser, ed. Enrique Dussel, Philosophy of Liberation. The connection between the physical world and the metaphysical world was a topic that has fascinated humans for hundreds of years. Aristotle suggested the soul was the seat of psychic activities. He also felt that activities in the physical world first have to occur in the spiritual world Elders, This connection is the basis of modern metaphysics and the ideals that are embodied in the psychic's work. Many, such as Aristotle presented actions in the physical world as evidence of what has happened on the metaphysical plane.
Since the time of Aristotle, science has abandoned the idea of self-evidence Dougherty, Now a new interest in the study of metaphysics has arisen. This new interest is the result of new information into the study of quantum physics. Quantum theory and cosmology are only beginning to be explored as possible explanations for psychic ability, ghosts and other manifestations of sub-atomic…. References Briggs, E. Service Performance -- Loyalty Intentions Link in a Business-to- Business Context: The Role of Relational Exchange Outcomes and Customer Characteristics. Journal of Service Research, February 1, ; 13 1 : Coale, S.
Psychic Visions and Quantum Physics: Oates's Big Bang and the Limits of Language. Studies in the Novel. As one commentator state; The spiritual is all that is beyond the conscious awareness and would include God or gods, demons, spirits and nature spirits, ghosts, non-incarnate entities, angels, devas, guardians of the threshold, guardian angels and all the intangible entities and realities of the religions where the cloud of the unknowable things exists. Roze, Janis, Toward the New Humanity: From Emotional Intelligence to Spiritual Intuition It is this perception of the intuitive forms of spiritual intelligence that, it also needsto be taken into account in a discussion of this subject.
Literature review There are many modern as well as more traditional perspectives on the issue of spiritual intelligence. A broad and inclusive view of the central terms in this study…. Bibliography Blitz, Mark. Bunge, M. Intuition and Science. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Diedrich William Frank "What is Spiritual Intelligence and Why Should You Care? html Gardner, Howard. New York: Basic. Then present one argument that demonstrates a strength or a weakness. The strength of Kant's critique of reason and its excesses can be seen in an examination of Plato's famous Theory of Ideas.
For Plato, the only suitable instrument for knowledge of the real world is reason and understanding. He defines understanding as the highest activity of the soul and reason as the second-highest activity of the soul. Republic, c These activities are necessary to glimpse the things of the real word, the actual Forms contained in the world of Forms. Republic, d. For Plato, true Knowledge was the Knowledge of these real things. Republic, e. For him, all Knowledge was Knowledge of something that exists because what does not exist is nothing, of which it is impossible to have Knowledge.
Republic, e Through the proposition that knowledge and opinion are different capacities, Plato infers that knowledge and opinion must…. Bibliography Kant, Immanuel. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. James Fieser. Internet resource Plato, Benjamin Jowett, and Irwin Edman. The Works of Plato. New York: Modern Library, un for Your Wife ay Cooney's un for Your Wife through Philosophical Inquiry un for Your Wife is a British farce written by ay Cooney who also played the main protagonist, John Smith, in the play in theater performances in Britain in the s.
The play explores numerous issues ranging from ethics, polygamy, and faithfulness to the aesthetics of British culture in the s. The whole play, however, is a farce and sometimes acts in the play seem to be mindless, performed just for the sake of humor although some forms of humor used in the play also seem to be bland. One way to make sense of the play is to explore it through branches of philosophy such as metaphysics and epistemology. Both of these branches of knowledge ultimately suggest that there is subjectivity and relativity in our ways of knowing. This may be useful in understanding un for….
References Metaphysics n. PBS Glossary. html Steup, Matthias Epistemology. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Furthermore, the nature and types of value, such as morals, aesthetics, religion, and metaphysics are the core focal areas for this study. In other words, this field of study is related to ethics and aesthetics. This hypothetical study of values is also vital in education because it promotes the learning of moral rules, principles, ethics and values; hence it leads the individual to gain knowledge related to the good deeds and actions. Logic is considered the fourth subdivision of philosophy…. References Ornstein, a. Foundations of Education, 11th Edition, Cengage Learning, Canada. Vang An Educational Psychology of Methods in Multicultural Education, Volume 6 of Educational Psychology, Peter Lang, New York.
In terms of ethics, I believe we feel happiest when we are acting and behaving in ways that will promote our survival and the survival of our offspring. This does not mean we feel best when we act selfishly, because I believe there is a universal spiritual dimension also part of the metaphysics of the world which makes all living creatures feel connected. Therefore, we cannot feel truly happy unless we are behaving in ways that promote the health and prosperity of all of life in general. As human beings with a developed conscience, we cannot ignore our own unethical actions; they will always affect our own well-being in one way or another less restful sleep, mental or emotional disorders, difficulty learning, lack of achievement, low self-esteem, etc. Dominant Worldview in America Today: My Perception I believe the dominant worldview in America is axiology-based and influenced heavily by modern technology….
References Archie, L. Reading for Philosophical Inquiry: A Brief Introduction to Philosophical Thinking. Lowe, E. The Possibility of Metaphysics: Substance, Identity, and Time. Oxford: Clarendon. Steup, M. This may be true, but only to a limited extent. If human experience is limited, then so is the acquired knowledge and truth can not exist partially only. On the one hand. On the other hand, it is safe to say that unlimited experience is impossible at least empirically a. Therefore, truth might be based on experience but experience is not enough. The fact that people are chained to the wall is a metaphor which suggests the fact that human perceptions are influenced and shaped by the environment we live in through its customs, beliefs and values.
It becomes obvious how difficult it is to have a free mind. Returning to the issue of experience, we may have a person breaking free from the chain and thus being able to move around the cave. Now he can see the statues and the fire and with the use of reason he…. Gerl points out in his advocacy of metaphysics as a way of approaching the philosophy of special education that this helps to construct a legal perspective which is evolving in a way that is consistent with the evolution of ethical perspectives of human dignity, individual rights and the treatment of those with disabilities. hile this strikes as relevant, Gerl even concedes that one may not be suited for the metaphysical philosophy of special education law "if a lack of ambiguity appeals to you.
And quite simply stated, the philosophical underpinnings of Logic are problemetized in the educational context by the sheer force and divergence of opposing political, ideological and economic priorities. Therefore, the idea of constructing logical…. Works Cited: Gerl, J. The Metaphysics of Special Education Law. Special Education Today. Gordon, M. Toward a Complete Axiology of Classroom Practice. Boston University. Kozleski, E. Logic Model for Whole School Educational Reform. National Institute for Urban School Improvement. Silverman, J. Epistemological Beliefs and Attitudes Toward Inclusion in Preservice Teachers.
Teacher Education and Special Education, 30 1 , Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz are often accurately portrayed as the key figures representing the Continental rationalism. Continental rationalism is characterized by a belief that truth can be deduced from human reason, and that certain innate, or self-evident ideas form the basis for such knowledge. In contrast, British empiricism saw the source of knowledge could be found in experience and through the senses. hile the works of Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz contain significant differences, they share the common beliefs in: 1 reason as the ultimate source of knowledge, 2 Leibniz' principle of sufficient reason, and 3 the idea that knowledge must come from self-evident, a priori truths.
The belief in innate principles or ideas characterized the work of Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, and is probably best characterized through their shared belief in the idea of a deity. Overview of Rationalism and Empiricism Continental rationalism argues essentially that the ultimate source of…. Works Cited Descartes, Rene. Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy. Prentice Hall, Hauptli, Bruce W. Continental Rationalism Characterized. Florida International University, For example, many individuals value freedom and knowledge as things that can bring happiness. So, having their own value, these things are parts of happiness.
Mill believed that everyone's happiness is important. He believed in what he called the 'greatest happiness principle. In more contemporary ethical terms, this is called the requirement to 'maximize happiness. If one was considering doing something for one's own happiness, but that action would cause others suffering, then Mill would have to take both of the sides into account in deciding whether or not the action should morally…. Fundamental principles of the metaphysic of morals. Merchant Books. Mill, John Stuart. Not only is a challenge present for Muslim teachers in attempting to standardize this curriculum but as well "this is compounded by the fact that curriculum materials related to teaching about Islam produced overseas - even for Arabic language studies - are viewed as irrelevant or unsuited to young students' lives and culture in the U.
And Europe. And it is stated by Douglass and Shaikh that "general adherence to the guidelines and their implementation in textbook development has done more than anything else to improve the accuracy of textbook depictions of the basic beliefs and practices, origin stories and subsequent cultural and institutional history of various religions. Bibliography Akhir, Jamadil Islamic education after independence and the impact of National Educational Policy. Social Issues. php Coulson, Andrew Education and Indoctrination in the Muslim World - Is There a Problem? What Can We Do about it? Policy Analysis 11 Mar Delic, Zijad Hermeneutics of Islamic Education and the Construction of New Muslim Cultures in the West: Faithful by t Reformed.
University of Oregon Douglass, Susan L. And Shaikh, Munir a. Current Issues in Comparative Education Vol. Had she determined to refuse the request made by Casaubon, the law would have contained a contradiction in itself and thus would have been violated. It is arguable that when asked for help, a person should grant it at the expense of his or her personal comfort. The contrary law could not have any validity since it would deny the existence of kindness and selflessness among people. Dorothea acted selflessly, although she did waver to make this sacrifice simply because she did not feel the actual end of the action would be noble enough.
Nevertheless, the immediate end, that of completing her duty to her husband as a fellow human being, is a noble end in itself, and this is why Dorothea chose to fulfill it. Dorothea significantly rejects the circumstance- that of having to perform…. Works Cited Eliot, George. New York: Penguin, Kant, Immanuel. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by James W. Indianapolis: Hacket, The question arising from this claim is whether evidence exists to prove that there exists an infinitely good, powerful, and wise God where morality naturally emerges. Humes argues that is hard to imagine that an all-good, powerful God exists in this world full of pain and misery. From these claims, one can argue that this insight, or God, has both evil and good, as is present in man if man is in God's image and likeliness.
Immanuel Kant: from the Critique of Pure Reason, the Good Will and the Categorical Imperative, the Postulates of Practical Reason Kant believes that the vigorous application of same methods of reasoning can yield to an equal development in dealing with the issues of moral philosophy. Kant proposes a list of categories of Freedom in Relation to the concept of good vs. Kant uses logical distinction as the basis for the catalog. Even though…. Kant; Adam Smith Locke: primary qualities, secondary qualities, substance Kant: Judgment of perceptions, judgment of experience, categories of the understanding Explain all six terms above. Does Kant's position relevant to those terms different from Locke's? Is Kant on these terms able to deal with some of the problems Locke encountered when using these terms?
According to John Locke, "the primary qualities of objects are their real qualities," such as "solidity, extension, figure, motion, rest, and number, all of which excite or produce similar ideas in your mind," which may be contrasted to secondary qualities, which are subjective in nature "like color, sound, smell, and taste" Shoulder When apprehending both primary and secondary qualities, the mind does not apprehend the thing itself directly, but merely creates an impression of it. What gives primary qualities' an objective existence is something known as substance, or literally a "substratum underlying and supporting the…. Reference Discourse on inequality.
Spark Notes. html Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau. Econ In this regard, the instructor's individual characteristics should be secondary to the readiness of the instructor to recognize individual learning strengths and needs in the students. Diversity: Diversity is often taken as a term which refers particularly to difference in race, ethnicity, gender, religion or sexual orientation, to name just a few categories of cultural distinction. And indeed, it does refer to this within the context of education. However, there is yet another level to the discussion on diversity which concerns education in particularly, relating to the individual nature of learning styles.
It is therefore necessary for the teacher to channel a recognition of learning styles and cultural diversity into a unified approach to the classroom. This tends to reinforce the position taken throughout this research, which is that the successful teacher will, therefore, tend to an educational strategy which diverts from strict academic prerogatives and instead approaches its subjects…. Works Cited: Chang, J. Sociocultural Contexts of Language and Literacy. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Haselhurst, G. Aristotle Metaphysics. Space and Motion. Slavin, R. Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice. Prentice Hall. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Finally, logic consists of the study of formal argument and is fundamentally related to other branches of philosophy and to the process of human reason, more generally.
he metaphysician might study such things as where the lines are properly drawn between identifying something as living or nonliving, whether our perception of being alive necessarily means that we are alive, and whether or not we can trust that we are awake and not merely dreaming that we are awake aylor, he epistemologist might study whether and how one can know whether our assumptions and perceptions are capable of yielding information on the basis of which any conclusions can be drawn at all. he epistemologist would be concerned with how we know what we know and with what we can possibly know, whereas the metaphysician would be concerned with understanding the nature of what we perceive around us aylor, Taylor, R. Freedom, Anarchy, and the Law: An Introduction to Political Philosophy.
Buffalo, NY: Prometheus. Wiley, C. In Cultural Ethical elativism, Universalism, Absolutism , it was mentioned that Kant said that people engage a particular space in creation and morality can be figured out in one supreme directive of reason or imperative that all responsibilities and duties drawn from; Kant described an imperative as any intention which asserts a particular act or inaction to be compulsory; a hypothetical imperative requires action in a particular condition: "if I wish to quench my thirst, I must drink something;" -- a categorical imperative, in contrast, indicates an absolute, unconditional obligation that states its influence in all conditions, both necessary as well as justified as an end in itself; and it is most recognized in its first expression: "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.
References Cultural Ethical Relativism, Universalism, Absolutism htm Timmermann, J. Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: A Commentary, Cambridge University Press, Moral Worth Present, explain, and assess the thesis that only acts done from duty have moral worth In his Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant addresses the issue of how people can determine the moral value of actions. His central claim is that only acts that are done out of duty can be considered to have any moral value. Implicit in this topic is the need to reconcile the intent of one's actions with the result of their actions.
Kant explores exactly where morality can be located when identifying the value of one's actions. At stake in Kant's argument is whether there is in fact an a priori framework for how people should behave, and where virtue is found. At the beginning of the Groundwork, Kant explains the notion of logic and defines the terms that he deploys to explain his governing thesis. These terms include: good will,…. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. London: Cambridge University Press. A good example as to why causation isn't always connected is found on page Hume asserts that only when two objects are "constantly conjoined" can observers "infer the one from the other.
If a cause and effect have "resemblance" to another cause and effect, they can be conjoined, but that is rare indeed. Put into simpler words, Hume doubts that even with a repetition of conjunctions it would be safe to believe a "connection" between the cause and effect would be established. Indeed, after a person experiences sees instances repeated repetitiously, the mind is convinced through the person's habits and reflections that upon the introduction of one event, another event is expected to happen, and humans believe this will happen. His own explanation is that a cause is an "…object followed by another, and whose appearance always conveys….
Metaphysical Methods of Inquiry The philosopher Rene Descartes adopted what he called a 'metaphysical' or rationalist approach to understanding the world and the relationship of the human to the divine. In contrast to a physical approach a 'meta-physical' inquiry, as the word suggests, is a method of reasoning that takes the thinker outside of the physical world and confines the philosopher's focus to the mind when establishing what is true. The great strength of the metaphysical approach, according to Descartes, is that it is not polluted by the potential delusions of the material world, in contrast to an empiricist or scientific approach. Metaphysics is deductive, rather than inductive in nature. It makes suppositions based upon evidence, reasoning from first, established principles, rather than creating principles based upon sensory evidence.
Descartes Mechanical Philosophy and Leibniz reaction to it. It has 7 sources. ubstance and form There must be something out of which change takes place. For Aristotle everything is composed of form and matter. Consider the example of a statue of a doll made of lump of clay, the clay is what Aristotle calls the matter and the shape of doll that it has is called its form. The result is a compound object made of matter and form, the statue of a doll. till Form and matter are not sufficient to explain change; the statue was first made of clay, which was not first a statue. The contrast between the opposite is not between the statue and the clay [Aristotle, The Physics, ]. The contrast is between the non-statues, the lump of clay and the statue.
Sources: Burnham, Douglas. htm Kemerling, Garth. If Kant's points are to be assimilated when adopting a moral stance which is consistent with man's dignity, such absolute terms are inevitably defined by dominant social structures, bringing us to the application of a normative theoretical structure. The inextricable relationship which theology and morality have shared throughout history tends to have a tangible impact on the way these hegemonic standards are defined. And Kant, rejects any flexibility outright, however. Beyond its deviation from his established disposition toward moral absolutes, such variation violates Kant's maxim about man as an end rather than a means.
Man is to be the motive for moral acts, with his dignity defining right and wrong. Indeed, as he pointedly phrases it, "the laws of morality are laws according to which everything ought to happen; they allow for conditions under which what ought to happen doesn't happen. Works Cited: Camus, a. The Myth of Sisyphus. Kant, Immanuel.
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